This leaves the question then, that if the Rorschach is relatively reliable, what is it measuring if it is not the same dimensions as, for example, the MMPI, or forensic psychopathology? Hilsenroth, Eudell-Simmons, DeFife, and Charnas (2007) did find, for example, that the Rorschach was effective in differentiating psychotic disorder patients from non-patients, as well as from personality disorder patients. Another result was reported by Lindgren, Carlsson, and Lundback (2007) in which they found no agreement between the Rorschach and a self-assessed personality using the MMPI-2. They concluded that their findings “contradict the view that the Rorschach is a clinically sensitive instrument for discriminating psychopaths from nonpsychopaths.” (Wood et al., 2010, p. They reported a mean validity coefficient of 0.062 using all variables, and a validity of 0.232 using the Aggressive Potential index. (2010) evaluated the Rorschach using a meta-analysis of 22 studies including 780 forensic subjects, in an attempt to separate psychopaths from nonpsychopaths. They found “equivocal” findings, but indicated that the LR “may have some validity in the assessment of trauma-related phenomena.” Wood et al. (2010) evaluated the validity of the Rorschach in assessing the effects of trauma using a different system, the “Logical Rorschach” developed by Wagner (2001, as cited in Smith et al., 2010). More recent studies of validity have met with mixed results. However, such studies were further confounded by variables such as age, number of responses, verbal aptitude, education, and other confounding factors that were not controlled. 50, but later studies found scores as low as 0.29. 391) has pointed out that results of validity studies on the Rorschach have been mixed, but are confounded by various factors including the “type of scoring system, experience of the scorer, and type of population.” Early studies produced validity scores of. Weiner (2001), for example, stated that the Rorschach has a validity effect size “almost identical” to the MMPI (Weiner, 2001, p. Validity in this case can be evaluated by comparing the Rorschach with clinical data or with other established tests of personality. Validity depends on the ability of a test to measure the constructs that it is purported to measure (Wiener & Greene, 2008). Therefore, it can be concluded that the Comprehensive System can yield high reliability when used under the conditions applied in these studies. It was further noted that the most relied upon factors, ratios and percentages, were among the most reliable. However, the most unreliable variables were attributed to state changes. 92 over a 1-year interval considering 41 variables four of them were above. Exner (as cited in Groth-Marnat, 2009, pp. Aside from inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability is another important consideration. Most of these studies reported reliabilities in the range of 85% to 99%. They also reviewed 24 previously published papers, all reporting various inter-rater reliabilities. They reported that in their own study, among 84 raters evaluating 70 Rorschach variables, there was a strong inter-rater reliability, particularly for the base-rate variables. Viglione and Taylor (2003) specifically examined this issue using the Comprehensive System. Reliability depends on the ability to achieve a given measurement consistently (Weiner & Greene, 2008). A final condition is that it be applied with a suitable population and with an appropriate purpose of diagnosis or assessment, for which validity has been demonstrated. The most widely recognized system is the Comprehensive System (CS) described by Exner (1993). Of the structured methods, there are more than one option. Another condition is that a known and structured method of assessment be used. One is that it is administered by an experienced, competent, and trained examiner. This report discusses the reliability and validity of the Rorschach, based upon a review of relevant literature.īased upon published reports, the Rorschach can be regarded as a reliable and valid psychometric instrument, given that certain conditions are met. There is an enormous literature on the Rorschach, yet it remains, after nearly 100 years, a controversial instrument. It is intended to elicit accurate information of diagnostic value in clinical work. Based upon the subject responses, a set of variables can be determined, which are used to define their personality along a set of various axes.
It is administered by an examiner who asks questions and records answers.
Mmpi validity and reliability series#
The Rorschach is a psychometric tool that uses a series of inkblots shown to a subject, and elicits verbal responses as to what the individual sees in the images.
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